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This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from intfloat/multilingual-e5-small on datasets that include Korean query-passage pairs for improved performance on Korean retrieval tasks. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 384-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.
This model is a lightweight Korean retriever, designed for ease of use and strong performance in practical retrieval tasks. It is ideal for running demos or lightweight applications, offering a good balance between speed and accuracy.
For even higher retrieval performance, we recommend combining it with a reranker. Suggested reranker models:
dragonkue/bge-reranker-v2-m3-ko
BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-m3
SentenceTransformer(
(0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel
(1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 384, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
(2): Normalize()
)
First install the Sentence Transformers library:
pip install -U sentence-transformers
Then you can load this model and run inference.
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
# Download from the ๐ค Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("dragonkue/multilingual-e5-small-ko")
# Run inference
sentences = [
'query: ๋ถํ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ฒ ๋ช ์ฐจ ๊ฐ์ ์์ ์ดํผํ๊ฒฐ ํ์ ํ 3๊ฐ์ ๋ด์ ๋ฑ๋ก์์๋ง ์ ํจํ๋ค๋ ์กฐํญ์ ํ์คํ ํ์๊น?',
'passage: 1990๋
์ ์ ์ ๋ ๋ถํ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ฒ์ ์ง๊ธ๊น์ง 4์ฐจ๋ก ๊ฐ์ ๋์ด ํ์ฌ์ ์ด๋ฅด๊ณ ์๋ค. 1993๋
์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ์ 1์ฐจ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ฃผ๋ก ๊ท์ ์ ์ ํ์ฑ์ ๊ธฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ๋ช๋ช ์กฐ๋ฌธ์ ์์ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ค์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ด์ฉ์ ๋ณด์ํ ๊ฒ์ ์์์ ์น์ธ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ์ค์ ํ ์ 52์กฐ ์ ๋๋ผ๊ณ ํ ์ ์๋ค. 2004๋
์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ์ 2์ฐจ์ ๊ฐ์ ์์๋ ์ 20์กฐ์ 3ํญ์ ์ ์คํ์ฌ ์ฌํ์ ํ์ ๋ ์ดํผํ๊ฒฐ์ 3๊ฐ์ ๋ด์ ๋ฑ๋กํด์ผ ์ดํผ์ ํจ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ช
ํํ๊ฒ ํ์๋ค. 2007๋
์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ์ 3์ฐจ ๊ฐ์ ์์๋ ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ์๋
๊ด๊ณ ๋ํ ์ ๋ถ๋ฑ๋ก๊ธฐ๊ด์ ๋ฑ๋กํ ๋๋ถํฐ ๋ฒ์ ํจ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ค(์ 25์กฐ์ 2ํญ)ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ฏธ์ฑ๋
์, ๋
ธ๋๋ฅ๋ ฅ ์๋ ์์ ๋ถ์๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ(์ 37์กฐ์ 2ํญ)ํ์ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด์๋ โ๋ถ์๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ฑ์์ด ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ฌ๋ ๋ถ๋ชจ๋ ์๋
, ์กฐ๋ถ๋ชจ๋ ์์๋
, ํ์ ์๋งค๊ฐ ๋ถ์ํ๋คโ๊ณ ๊ท์ ํ๊ณ ์์๋ ๊ฒ์ โ๋ถ์๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ฑ์์ด ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ฌ๋ ๋ถ๋ชจ๋ ์๋
๊ฐ ๋ถ์ํ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ์กฐ๋ถ๋ชจ๋ ์์๋
, ํ์ ์๋งค๊ฐ ๋ถ์ํ๋คโ๋ก ๊ฐ์ ํ์๋ค.',
'passage: ํ๊ฒฝ๋งํฌ ์ ๋, ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ์ค ๋ณ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์
๋ถ๋ด ์ค์ธ๋ค\nํ๊ฒฝ๋งํฌ ์ ๋ ์๊ฐ\nโก ๊ฐ์\nโ ๋์ผ ์ฉ๋์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ํ์ ๋นํด โ์ ํ์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ฑ*โ์ ๊ฐ์ ํ ์ ํ์ ๋ก๊ณ ์ ์ค๋ช
์ ํ์ํ ์ ์๋๋กํ๋ ์ธ์ฆ ์ ๋\nโป ์ ํ์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ฑ : ์ฌ๋ฃ์ ์ ํ์ ์ ์กฐโค์๋น ํ๊ธฐํ๋ ์ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ค์ผ๋ฌผ์ง์ด๋ ์จ์ค๊ฐ์ค ๋ฑ์ ๋ฐฐ์ถํ๋ ์ ๋ ๋ฐ ์์๊ณผ ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ์๋นํ๋ ์ ๋ ๋ฑ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ ๋(ใํ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ ํ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์
์ง์๋ฒใ์ 2์กฐ์ 5ํธ)\nโก ๋ฒ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ\nโ ใํ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ ํ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์
์ง์๋ฒใ์ 17์กฐ(ํ๊ฒฝํ์ง์ ์ธ์ฆ)\nโก ๊ด๋ จ ๊ตญ์ ํ์ค\nโ ISO 14024(์ 1์ ํ ํ๊ฒฝ๋ผ๋ฒจ๋ง)\nโก ์ ์ฉ๋์\nโ ์ฌ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ธฐ, ๊ฐ์ ์ ํ, ์ํ์ฉํ, ๊ฑด์ถ์์ฌ ๋ฑ 156๊ฐ ๋์์ ํ๊ตฐ\nโก ์ธ์ฆํํฉ\nโ 2,737๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์
์ 16,647๊ฐ ์ ํ(2015.12์๋ง ๊ธฐ์ค)',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 384]
# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
import torch.nn.functional as F
from torch import Tensor
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel
def average_pool(last_hidden_states: Tensor,
attention_mask: Tensor) -> Tensor:
last_hidden = last_hidden_states.masked_fill(~attention_mask[..., None].bool(), 0.0)
return last_hidden.sum(dim=1) / attention_mask.sum(dim=1)[..., None]
# Each input text should start with "query: " or "passage: ", even for non-English texts.
# For tasks other than retrieval, you can simply use the "query: " prefix.
input_texts = ["query: ๋ถํ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ฒ ๋ช ์ฐจ ๊ฐ์ ์์ ์ดํผํ๊ฒฐ ํ์ ํ 3๊ฐ์ ๋ด์ ๋ฑ๋ก์์๋ง ์ ํจํ๋ค๋ ์กฐํญ์ ํ์คํ ํ์๊น?",
"passage: 1990๋
์ ์ ์ ๋ ๋ถํ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ฒ์ ์ง๊ธ๊น์ง 4์ฐจ๋ก ๊ฐ์ ๋์ด ํ์ฌ์ ์ด๋ฅด๊ณ ์๋ค. 1993๋
์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ์ 1์ฐจ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ฃผ๋ก ๊ท์ ์ ์ ํ์ฑ์ ๊ธฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ๋ช๋ช ์กฐ๋ฌธ์ ์์ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ค์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ด์ฉ์ ๋ณด์ํ ๊ฒ์ ์์์ ์น์ธ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ์ค์ ํ ์ 52์กฐ ์ ๋๋ผ๊ณ ํ ์ ์๋ค. 2004๋
์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ์ 2์ฐจ์ ๊ฐ์ ์์๋ ์ 20์กฐ์ 3ํญ์ ์ ์คํ์ฌ ์ฌํ์ ํ์ ๋ ์ดํผํ๊ฒฐ์ 3๊ฐ์ ๋ด์ ๋ฑ๋กํด์ผ ์ดํผ์ ํจ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ช
ํํ๊ฒ ํ์๋ค. 2007๋
์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ์ 3์ฐจ ๊ฐ์ ์์๋ ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ์๋
๊ด๊ณ ๋ํ ์ ๋ถ๋ฑ๋ก๊ธฐ๊ด์ ๋ฑ๋กํ ๋๋ถํฐ ๋ฒ์ ํจ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ค(์ 25์กฐ์ 2ํญ)ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ฏธ์ฑ๋
์, ๋
ธ๋๋ฅ๋ ฅ ์๋ ์์ ๋ถ์๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ(์ 37์กฐ์ 2ํญ)ํ์ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด์๋ โ๋ถ์๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ฑ์์ด ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ฌ๋ ๋ถ๋ชจ๋ ์๋
, ์กฐ๋ถ๋ชจ๋ ์์๋
, ํ์ ์๋งค๊ฐ ๋ถ์ํ๋คโ๊ณ ๊ท์ ํ๊ณ ์์๋ ๊ฒ์ โ๋ถ์๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ฑ์์ด ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ฌ๋ ๋ถ๋ชจ๋ ์๋
๊ฐ ๋ถ์ํ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ์กฐ๋ถ๋ชจ๋ ์์๋
, ํ์ ์๋งค๊ฐ ๋ถ์ํ๋คโ๋ก ๊ฐ์ ํ์๋ค.",
"passage: ํ๊ฒฝ๋งํฌ ์ ๋, ์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ์ค ๋ณ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์
๋ถ๋ด ์ค์ธ๋ค\nํ๊ฒฝ๋งํฌ ์ ๋ ์๊ฐ\nโก ๊ฐ์\nโ ๋์ผ ์ฉ๋์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ํ์ ๋นํด โ์ ํ์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ฑ*โ์ ๊ฐ์ ํ ์ ํ์ ๋ก๊ณ ์ ์ค๋ช
์ ํ์ํ ์ ์๋๋กํ๋ ์ธ์ฆ ์ ๋\nโป ์ ํ์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ฑ : ์ฌ๋ฃ์ ์ ํ์ ์ ์กฐโค์๋น ํ๊ธฐํ๋ ์ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ค์ผ๋ฌผ์ง์ด๋ ์จ์ค๊ฐ์ค ๋ฑ์ ๋ฐฐ์ถํ๋ ์ ๋ ๋ฐ ์์๊ณผ ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ์๋นํ๋ ์ ๋ ๋ฑ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ ๋(ใํ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ ํ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์
์ง์๋ฒใ์ 2์กฐ์ 5ํธ)\nโก ๋ฒ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ\nโ ใํ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ ํ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์
์ง์๋ฒใ์ 17์กฐ(ํ๊ฒฝํ์ง์ ์ธ์ฆ)\nโก ๊ด๋ จ ๊ตญ์ ํ์ค\nโ ISO 14024(์ 1์ ํ ํ๊ฒฝ๋ผ๋ฒจ๋ง)\nโก ์ ์ฉ๋์\nโ ์ฌ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ธฐ, ๊ฐ์ ์ ํ, ์ํ์ฉํ, ๊ฑด์ถ์์ฌ ๋ฑ 156๊ฐ ๋์์ ํ๊ตฐ\nโก ์ธ์ฆํํฉ\nโ 2,737๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์
์ 16,647๊ฐ ์ ํ(2015.12์๋ง ๊ธฐ์ค)"]
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('dragonkue/multilingual-e5-small-ko')
model = AutoModel.from_pretrained('dragonkue/multilingual-e5-small-ko')
# Tokenize the input texts
batch_dict = tokenizer(input_texts, max_length=512, padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors='pt')
outputs = model(**batch_dict)
embeddings = average_pool(outputs.last_hidden_state, batch_dict['attention_mask'])
# normalize embeddings
embeddings = F.normalize(embeddings, p=2, dim=1)
scores = (embeddings[:1] @ embeddings[1:].T)
print(scores.tolist())
| Model | Size(M) | Average | XPQARetrieval | PublicHealthQA | MIRACLRetrieval | Ko-StrategyQA | BelebeleRetrieval | AutoRAGRetrieval | MrTidyRetrieval |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BAAI/bge-m3 | 560 | 0.724169 | 0.36075 | 0.80412 | 0.70146 | 0.79405 | 0.93164 | 0.83008 | 0.64708 |
| Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l-v2.0 | 560 | 0.724104 | 0.43018 | 0.81679 | 0.66077 | 0.80455 | 0.9271 | 0.83863 | 0.59071 |
| intfloat/multilingual-e5-large | 560 | 0.721607 | 0.3571 | 0.82534 | 0.66486 | 0.80348 | 0.94499 | 0.81337 | 0.64211 |
| intfloat/multilingual-e5-base | 278 | 0.689429 | 0.3607 | 0.77203 | 0.6227 | 0.76355 | 0.92868 | 0.79752 | 0.58082 |
| dragonkue/multilingual-e5-small-ko | 118 | 0.688819 | 0.34871 | 0.79729 | 0.61113 | 0.76173 | 0.9297 | 0.86184 | 0.51133 |
| intfloat/multilingual-e5-small | 118 | 0.670906 | 0.33003 | 0.73668 | 0.61238 | 0.75157 | 0.90531 | 0.80068 | 0.55969 |
| ibm-granite/granite-embedding-278m-multilingual | 278 | 0.616466 | 0.23058 | 0.77668 | 0.59216 | 0.71762 | 0.83231 | 0.70226 | 0.46365 |
| ibm-granite/granite-embedding-107m-multilingual | 107 | 0.599759 | 0.23058 | 0.73209 | 0.58413 | 0.70531 | 0.82063 | 0.68243 | 0.44314 |
| sentence-transformers/paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2 | 118 | 0.409766 | 0.21345 | 0.67409 | 0.25676 | 0.45903 | 0.71491 | 0.42296 | 0.12716 |
This model was fine-tuned on the same dataset used in dragonkue/snowflake-arctic-embed-l-v2.0-ko, which consists of Korean query-passage pairs. The training objective was to improve retrieval performance specifically for Korean-language tasks.
Following the training approach used in dragonkue/snowflake-arctic-embed-l-v2.0-ko, this model constructs in-batch negatives based on clustered passages. In addition, we introduce GISTEmbedLoss with a configurable margin.
๐ Margin-based Training Results
Using the standard MNR (Multiple Negatives Ranking) loss alone resulted in decreased performance.
The original GISTEmbedLoss (without margin) yielded modest improvements of around +0.8 NDCG@10.
Applying a margin led to performance gains of up to +1.5 NDCG@10.
This indicates that simply tuning the margin value can lead to up to 2x improvement, showing strong sensitivity and effectiveness of margin scaling.
This margin-based approach extends the idea proposed in the NV-Retriever paper, which originally filtered false negatives during hard negative sampling. We adapt this to in-batch negatives, treating false negatives as dynamic samples guided by margin-based filtering.
The sentence-transformers library now supports GISTEmbedLoss with margin configuration, making it easy to integrate into any training pipeline.
You can install the latest version with:
pip install -U sentence-transformers
eval_strategy
: steps
per_device_train_batch_size
: 20000
per_device_eval_batch_size
: 4096
learning_rate
: 0.00025
num_train_epochs
: 3
warmup_ratio
: 0.05
fp16
: True
dataloader_drop_last
: True
batch_sampler
: no_duplicates
overwrite_output_dir
: False
do_predict
: False
eval_strategy
: steps
prediction_loss_only
: True
per_device_train_batch_size
: 20000
per_device_eval_batch_size
: 4096
per_gpu_train_batch_size
: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size
: None
gradient_accumulation_steps
: 1
eval_accumulation_steps
: None
torch_empty_cache_steps
: None
learning_rate
: 0.00025
weight_decay
: 0.0
adam_beta1
: 0.9
adam_beta2
: 0.999
adam_epsilon
: 1e-08
max_grad_norm
: 1.0
num_train_epochs
: 2
max_steps
: -1
lr_scheduler_type
: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs
: {}
warmup_ratio
: 0.05
warmup_steps
: 0
log_level
: passive
log_level_replica
: warning
log_on_each_node
: True
logging_nan_inf_filter
: True
save_safetensors
: True
save_on_each_node
: False
save_only_model
: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint
: False
no_cuda
: False
use_cpu
: False
use_mps_device
: False
seed
: 42
data_seed
: None
jit_mode_eval
: False
use_ipex
: False
bf16
: False
fp16
: True
fp16_opt_level
: O1
half_precision_backend
: auto
bf16_full_eval
: False
fp16_full_eval
: False
tf32
: None
local_rank
: 0
ddp_backend
: None
tpu_num_cores
: None
tpu_metrics_debug
: False
debug
: []
dataloader_drop_last
: True
dataloader_num_workers
: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor
: None
past_index
: -1
disable_tqdm
: False
remove_unused_columns
: True
label_names
: None
load_best_model_at_end
: False
ignore_data_skip
: False
fsdp
: []
fsdp_min_num_params
: 0
fsdp_config
: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
tp_size
: 0
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap
: None
accelerator_config
: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
deepspeed
: None
label_smoothing_factor
: 0.0
optim
: adamw_torch
optim_args
: None
adafactor
: False
group_by_length
: False
length_column_name
: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters
: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb
: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers
: False
dataloader_pin_memory
: True
dataloader_persistent_workers
: False
skip_memory_metrics
: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop
: False
push_to_hub
: False
resume_from_checkpoint
: None
hub_model_id
: None
hub_strategy
: every_save
hub_private_repo
: None
hub_always_push
: False
gradient_checkpointing
: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs
: None
include_inputs_for_metrics
: False
include_for_metrics
: []
eval_do_concat_batches
: True
fp16_backend
: auto
push_to_hub_model_id
: None
push_to_hub_organization
: None
mp_parameters
:
auto_find_batch_size
: False
full_determinism
: False
torchdynamo
: None
ray_scope
: last
ddp_timeout
: 1800
torch_compile
: False
torch_compile_backend
: None
torch_compile_mode
: None
include_tokens_per_second
: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen
: False
neftune_noise_alpha
: None
optim_target_modules
: None
batch_eval_metrics
: False
eval_on_start
: False
use_liger_kernel
: False
eval_use_gather_object
: False
average_tokens_across_devices
: False
prompts
: None
batch_sampler
: no_duplicates
multi_dataset_batch_sampler
: proportional
1. Do I need to add the prefix "query: " and "passage: " to input texts?
Yes, this is how the model is trained, otherwise you will see a performance degradation.
Here are some rules of thumb:
Use "query: " and "passage: " correspondingly for asymmetric tasks such as passage retrieval in open QA, ad-hoc information retrieval.
Use "query: " prefix for symmetric tasks such as semantic similarity, bitext mining, paraphrase retrieval.
Use "query: " prefix if you want to use embeddings as features, such as linear probing classification, clustering.
2. Why does the cosine similarity scores distribute around 0.7 to 1.0?
This is a known and expected behavior as we use a low temperature 0.01 for InfoNCE contrastive loss.
For text embedding tasks like text retrieval or semantic similarity, what matters is the relative order of the scores instead of the absolute values, so this should not be an issue.
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
month = "11",
year = "2019",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
@article{wang2024multilingual,
title={Multilingual E5 Text Embeddings: A Technical Report},
author={Wang, Liang and Yang, Nan and Huang, Xiaolong and Yang, Linjun and Majumder, Rangan and Wei, Furu},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.05672},
year={2024}
}
@article{moreira2024nvretriever,
title = {NV-Retriever: Improving text embedding models with effective hard-negative mining},
author = {Moreira, Gabriel de Souza P. and Osmulski, Radek and Xu, Mengyao and Ak, Ronay and Schifferer, Benedikt and Oldridge, Even},
journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.15831},
year = {2024},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.15831},
doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2407.15831}
}
Long texts will be truncated to at most 512 tokens.
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