MERaLiON / MERaLiON-2-10B

🔥 MERaLiON-2 🔥

🚀 MERaLiON-2-10B | 🚀 MERaLiON-2-10B-ASR | 🚀 MERaLiON-2-3B

💻 Web Demo | ⚙️ vLLM

Introduction

We are pleased to announce the release of MERaLiON2 , the latest addition to the MERaLiON family of speech-text large language models. Our flagship model, MERaLiON-2-10B , demonstrates competitive performance across benchmark evaluations in tasks such as multilingual automatic speech recognition (ASR), speech translation (ST), audio scene understanding, emotion recognition, and general speech comprehension. These results are comparable to those achieved by other state-of-the-art open-source AudioLLMs, including Qwen2.5-Omni-7B and Phi-4-multimodal-instruct.

MERaLiON-2-10B is specifically designed to follow complex instructions with a nuanced understanding of Singapore’s multilingual and multicultural context . It integrates a localized Whisper-large-v3 speech encoder and Gemma-2-9b text decoder. The following graph presents task-specific evaluation scores, assessed using the LLM-as-a-Judge framework across multiple datasets. For the speech translation task, performance is measured using the BLEU metric, where higher scores indicate better translation quality.

In addition, we introduce an ASR-optimized variant, MERaLiON-2-10B-ASR , which delivers a 5–30% performance improvement over OpenAI’s whisper-large-v3 on speech recognition tasks. This enhancement spans Singapore’s 4 official languages— English , Mandarin , Malay , and Tamil —as well as 3 South-East Asian languages: Indonesian , Thai , and Vietnamese . The model also demonstrates robust handling of code-switching scenarios and local colloquialisms, reflecting its adaptability to Singapore’s diverse linguistic landscape.

The following visualization illustrates the 1 - Word Error Rate (WER) metric across these seven languages, comparing MERaLiON-2-10B-ASR with other leading models. A higher value indicates better transcription accuracy.

We also provide MERaLiON-2-3B that balances performance with reduced computational requirements, enabling broader accessibility and lightweight deployment.

• Extended Audio Length : Support audio inputs up to 300 seconds (5 minutes) for audio & speech question answering tasks, 30s for a satisfactory performance for speech transcription (ASR) and speech translation (ST) tasks .

• Expanded Language Coverage : In addition to English, Chinese, and Singlish, V2 introduces support for Malay, Tamil, and other South-East Asia languages including Indonesian, Thai, and Vietnamese.

• Improved Performance : Achieves higher performance across a wide range of tasks. See the Evaluation section for detailed benchmarks.

• Higher Quality Training Data : Trained on 120,000 hours of curated speech and audio data, filtered for quality and diversity, with an emphasis on local and multilingual audio sources.

• Three Model Variants : Available in general-purpose ( MERaLiON-2-10B ), ASR-optimized ( MERaLiON-2-10B-ASR ) and light-weight ( MERaLiON-2-3B ) configurations to balance latency, compute efficiency, and task performance across different deployment needs.

Model Description:

MERaLiON stands for M ultimodal E mpathetic R easoning a nd L earning i n O ne N etwork.

MERaLiON-2 is a family of Speech-Text Large Language Models tailored for Singapore’s multilingual and multicultural landscape , as well as the wider Southeast Asian region . The 10B model integrates a localized Whisper-Large-V3 speech encoder with the Gemma2-9b-IT text decoder. The 3B model integrates a localized Whisper-Large-V3 speech encoder with the Gemma2-2b-IT text decoder.

MERaLiON-2-10B is finetuned on 120,000 hours of speech and audio data across 6 diverse tasks : Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Spoken Question Answering (SQA), Spoken Dialogue Summarization (SDS), Audio Captioning (AC), Audio-Scene Question Answering (ASQA) and Paralinguistic Question Answering (PQA). The model supports long-form audio inputs of up to 300 seconds (5 minutes) and is specifically adapted to handle the linguistic nuances, accents, and dialects commonly found across Singapore and neighboring countries.

• Developed by: I ² R, A*STAR, Singapore
• Model type: Multimodal LLM
• Language(s): Primarily English (Global and Singapore), Chinese, with support for audio of regional languages including Malay, Tamil, Indonesian, Thai, and Vietnamese.
• Audio: Mono channel audio, 16000 hz, up to 300 seconds.
• License: MERaLiON Public License
• Demo: MERaLiON-AudioLLM Web Demo

MERaLiON-2 is an upgraded version of MERaLiON-AudioLLM .

Performance:

We benchmark MERaLiON-2 series models with extended AudioBench benchmark against several recently released open-source multimodal models — SALMONN-7B, Qwen2.5-Omni series and Phi-4-Multimodal — as well as two cascade model.

Better Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) Accuracy

MERaLiON-2-10B-ASR and MERaLiON-2-10B demonstrate leading performance in Singlish, Mandarin, Malay, Tamil, and other Southeast Asian languages, while maintaining competitive results in English compared to Whisper-large-v3 . The following table shows the average transcription Word Error Rate by language for the MERaLiON family and other leading AudioLLMs. The Private Dataset includes a collection of Singapore's locally accented speeches with code-switch. Please visit AudioBench benchmark for dataset-level evaluation results.

	MERaLiON-2-10B-ASR	MERaLiON-2-10B	MERaLiON-2-3B	whisper_large_v3	cascade-whisper_large_v3-llama_3_8b_instruct	cascade-whisper_large_v2-gemma2_9b_cpt-sea_lionv3_instruct	MERaLiON-AudioLLM-Whisper-SEA-LION	Qwen2.5-Omni-7B	SeaLLMs-Audio-7B	Qwen2.5-Omni-3B	SALMONN_7B	phi_4_multimodal_instruct
Thai	0.096526	0.109365	0.107279	0.121073	0.120257	0.172105	0.919330	0.126497	0.117152	0.163150	1.191099	1.510068
Tamil	0.271279	0.327081	0.344081	0.441483	0.475225	0.492336	0.561315	1.024916	2.325402	1.315143	1.306694	1.876722
Singlish	0.129830	0.168813	0.180395	0.248945	0.251608	0.255717	0.143800	0.439071	0.795990	0.389393	0.441490	0.448863
Malay	0.194638	0.209074	0.279891	0.219692	0.311921	0.314378	0.289895	1.460664	0.765565	2.943750	1.085867	3.762933
English	0.078544	0.088259	0.122295	0.080841	0.081568	0.104830	0.110567	0.134216	0.197824	0.110353	0.191492	0.098225
Indonesian	0.121020	0.142813	0.131950	0.137102	0.135390	0.159476	0.298365	0.168659	0.220227	0.205216	1.653502	3.565510
Mandarian	0.103694	0.132025	0.145878	0.170980	0.196867	0.291733	0.291183	0.102419	0.309782	0.130429	0.939545	0.238879
Vietnamese	0.118693	0.134808	0.155110	0.148474	0.136075	0.164078	0.952040	0.205491	0.222001	0.186786	1.521174	1.805643
Private Dataset	0.106150	0.112360	0.147258	0.116630	0.118434	0.143812	0.130667	0.222770	0.496540	0.164556	0.273304	0.229450

Better Instruction Following and Audio Understanding

MERaLiON-2-10B exhibits substantial advancements in speech and audio understanding, as well as paralinguistic tasks. Notably, it adeptly handles complex instructions and responds with enhanced flexibility, effectively preserving the pre-trained knowledge from Gemma during the audio fine-tuning process. This capability enables MERaLiON-2-10B to provide detailed explanations regarding speech content and the speaker's emotional state. Furthermore, with appropriate prompt adjustments, the model can assume various roles, such as a voice assistant, virtual caregiver, or an integral component of sophisticated multi-agent AI systems and software solutions. Please visit AudioBench benchmark for dataset-level evaluation results.

	MERaLiON-2-10B	MERaLiON-AudioLLM-Whisper-SEA-LION	MERaLiON-2-10B-ASR	MERaLiON-2-3B	SeaLLMs-Audio-7B	Qwen2-Audio-7B-Instruct	Qwen2.5-Omni-3B	phi_4_multimodal_instruct	cascade-whisper_large_v3-llama_3_8b_instruct	Qwen2.5-Omni-7B	cascade-whisper_large_v2-gemma2_9b_cpt-sea_lionv3_instruct	Qwen-Audio-Chat	SALMONN_7B	WavLLM_fairseq
Speech Instruction	70.200000	70.800000	13.400000	19.100000	66.900000	48.700000	65.000000	36.200000	66.100000	58.300000	72.900000	10.200000	12.900000	20.400000
Emotion Recognition	63.736268	48.577313	53.693298	54.040797	52.007576	49.846540	33.037836	40.677800	50.937578	31.469397	48.214969	41.671551	33.584869	50.801545
Audio Scene Question Answering	51.140374	52.207756	49.511886	46.141353	50.193739	47.048025	48.123228	42.217143	21.876943	45.669153	18.043681	51.618622	51.816958	33.034083
Gender Recognition	95.109423	97.177396	97.220335	93.810266	75.449392	95.963266	47.867210	70.718047	57.039409	48.724711	19.421130	60.349349	84.365092	60.773275
Spoken QA (Singlish)	66.550000	58.900000	61.850000	59.700000	51.350000	46.700000	60.500000	61.950000	59.350000	58.400000	53.750000	42.300000	43.200000	51.200000
Audio Captioning	35.604270	36.976419	34.466710	33.243839	45.089372	37.278810	39.200328	30.832409	2.915778	31.896243	3.140568	39.988663	28.880570	6.200867
Spoken Dialogue Summarisation	53.100000	53.600000	55.800000	48.550000	45.450000	36.300000	46.750000	50.750000	45.850000	43.150000	51.000000	25.250000	14.400000	39.450000
Spoken QA (English)	79.735049	63.711481	73.975834	68.715179	70.920519	68.888565	67.818546	75.513152	78.526569	68.415131	67.814538	66.069047	60.649071	70.595242
Music Understanding	63.942713	51.347936	60.657119	55.602359	63.689975	71.609099	59.309183	55.265375	56.697557	47.598989	50.463353	59.056445	49.705139	44.313395
Accent Recognition	41.815396	43.799799	47.788864	60.054981	10.143836	10.901397	0.478694	3.097615	21.398482	0.587293	25.929693	17.550294	11.577381	14.294613
Speech Translation	27.391115	27.086366	28.540359	22.130258	21.143215	10.826666	21.776628	13.827110	13.536272	20.688241	21.437997	4.973184	13.486003	9.046791

How to Use

Out of Scope use : This model is not intended for use in tool calling, math, and coding tasks.

MERaLiON-2 requires transformers version 4.50.1

pip install transformers==4.50.1
pip install librosa

To run in GPU, MERaLiON-2 requires flash-attn .

pip install flash-attn --no-build-isolation

Should you face any difficulties installing the above packages, you can try installing within this Docker container instead: pytorch/pytorch:2.5.1-cuda12.1-cudnn9-devel , whose cuda and torch environments have been tested working.

Audio Input

• For ASR tasks, the maximum audio length is suggested to be 30 seconds at 16,000 Hz.
• For general speech & audio understanding tasks, the maximum audio length is suggested to be 300 seconds at 16,000 Hz sampling rate.

Text Prompt

MERaLiON-2 is trained with this prompt template:

Instruction: <TextHere> \nFollow the text instruction based on the following audio: <SpeechHere>

It is generally recommended to follow this template, i.e., replace <TextHere> with your text instruction while leaving the <SpeechHere> untouched. We list a few useful example prompts here:

Standard prompts for better accuracy

prompt_template = "Instruction: {query} \nFollow the text instruction based on the following audio: <SpeechHere>"

transcription_prompt = prompt_template.format(query="Please transcribe the speech")
translation_prompt = prompt_template.format(query="Please translate the speech into Malay")
summarization_prompt = prompt_template.format(query="Please summarize this speech")
audio_captioning_prompt_1 = prompt_template.format(query="Please describe the audio")
audio_captioning_prompt_2 = prompt_template.format(query="Please create a caption for the audio")
audio_scene_understanding_prompt = prompt_template.format(query="Is there people crying in the audio?")
speech_as_instruction_prompt = prompt_template.format(query="Please respond to the audio") # given an speech instruction is provided in the audio clip.
emotion_recognition_prompt_1 = prompt_template.format(query="What is the emotion of the speaker")
emotion_recognition_prompt_2 = prompt_template.format(query="Describe the paralinguistics feature of the audio")
gender_recognition_prompt = prompt_template.format(query="What is the gender of the speaker")

More flexible prompts for enriched responses

prompt_template = "Instruction: {query} \nFollow the text instruction based on the following audio: <SpeechHere>"

prompt_1 = prompt_template.format(query="describe the paralinguistics feature and return in json format.")
prompt_2 = prompt_template.format(query="Please summarise the content of the speech and analyse the paralinguistics features of this audio. Return in json format.")
prompt_3 = prompt_template.format(query="Please translate this speech to Singapore's 4 official languages.")

AI agent prompts (beyond the default prompt template)

prompt_1 = \
"""
Your are MERaLiON-AudioLLM, an empathic AI assistant developed by A*STAR. MERaLiON stands for Multimodal Empathetic Reasoning and Learning in One Network.
You are a friendly and empathetic conversational partner, and is proficient in understanding human's emotion, accent, and gender from paralinguistic features.
Maintain a tone that is warm, non-judgmental, and supportive while replying to user. 

User's voice:  <SpeechHere>
"""

Huggingface Inference with CPU

import librosa
from transformers import AutoModelForSpeechSeq2Seq, AutoProcessor

repo_id = "MERaLiON/MERaLiON-2-10B"

processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(
    repo_id, 
    trust_remote_code=True,
    )
model = AutoModelForSpeechSeq2Seq.from_pretrained(
    repo_id,
    use_safetensors=True,
    trust_remote_code=True,
)

prompt_template = "Instruction: {query} \nFollow the text instruction based on the following audio: <SpeechHere>"
transcribe_prompt = "Please transcribe this speech."
translate_prompt = "Can you please translate this speech into written Chinese?"

# batch inference of 2 samples
conversation = [
    [{"role": "user", "content": prompt_template.format(query=transcribe_prompt)}],
    [{"role": "user", "content": prompt_template.format(query=translate_prompt)}],
]

chat_prompt = processor.tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
    conversation=conversation,
    tokenize=False,
    add_generation_prompt=True
)

# Use audio at 16000hz.
audio_array, sample_rate = librosa.load("/path/to/your/audio/file", sr=16000)
audio_array = [audio_array]*2
inputs = processor(text=chat_prompt, audios=audio_array)

# adjust the `max_new_tokens` based on your use case.
outputs = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=256)
generated_ids = outputs[:, inputs['input_ids'].size(1):]
response = processor.batch_decode(generated_ids, skip_special_tokens=True)

Huggingface GPU Inference

import torch
import librosa
from transformers import AutoModelForSpeechSeq2Seq, AutoProcessor

repo_id = "MERaLiON/MERaLiON-2-10B"
device = "cuda"

processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(
    repo_id, 
    trust_remote_code=True,
    )
model = AutoModelForSpeechSeq2Seq.from_pretrained(
    repo_id,
    use_safetensors=True,
    trust_remote_code=True,
    attn_implementation="flash_attention_2",
    torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16
).to(device)

prompt_template = "Instruction: {query} \nFollow the text instruction based on the following audio: <SpeechHere>"
transcribe_prompt = "Please transcribe this speech."
translate_prompt = "Can you please translate this speech into written Chinese?"

# batch inference of 2 samples
conversation = [
    [{"role": "user", "content": prompt_template.format(query=transcribe_prompt)}],
    [{"role": "user", "content": prompt_template.format(query=translate_prompt)}],
]

chat_prompt = processor.tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
    conversation=conversation,
    tokenize=False,
    add_generation_prompt=True
)

# Use audio at 16000hz.
audio_array, sample_rate = librosa.load("/path/to/your/audio/file", sr=16000)
audio_array = [audio_array]*2
inputs = processor(text=chat_prompt, audios=audio_array)

for key, value in inputs.items():
    if isinstance(value, torch.Tensor):
        inputs[key] = inputs[key].to(device)

        if value.dtype == torch.float32:
            inputs[key] = inputs[key].to(torch.bfloat16)

# adjust the `max_new_tokens` based on your use case.
outputs = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=256)
generated_ids = outputs[:, inputs['input_ids'].size(1):]
response = processor.batch_decode(generated_ids, skip_special_tokens=True)

⚠️ Disclaimer

The current MERaLiON-2 has not been specifically aligned for safety and may generate content that is inappropriate, offensive, or harmful. Developers and users are responsible for performing their own safety fine-tuning and implementing necessary security measures. The authors shall not be held liable for any claims, damages, or other liabilities arising from the use of the released models, weights, or code.

Compute and Infrastructure

MERaLiON-2 was trained on the ASPIRE 2A+ Supercomputer Cluster, provided by National Supercomputing Centre (NSCC) , Singapore. ASPIRE 2A+ cluster provides multiple H100 nodes, with each compute node equipped with 8 Nvidia H100 GPUs, 2 TB of RAM, and 30 TB of locally attached NVMe storage. These nodes are interconnected via a rail-optimised, full fat-tree topology, utilising 400 Gb/s NDR InfiniBand cables. Additionally, the cluster incorporates a 2.5 PB SSD-based Lustre file system, linked to the H100 nodes through high-speed InfiniBand connections.

With a global batch size of 768, we trained the current release of MERaLiON-2 for around 200k steps, which took around 2 days to complete using 16 nodes, 128 H100 GPUs.

📚 Citation

If you find our work useful, please cite our papers:

MERaLiON-AudioLLM: Bridging Audio and Language with Large Language Models
AudioBench: A Universal Benchmark for Audio Large Language Models
Advancing Singlish Understanding: Bridging the Gap with Datasets and Multimodal Models
MoWE-Audio: Multitask AudioLLMs with Mixture of Weak Encoders
MERaLiON-TextLLM: Cross-Lingual Understanding of Large Language Models in Chinese, Indonesian, Malay, and Singlish

@misc{he2024meralionaudiollmtechnicalreport,
      title={MERaLiON-AudioLLM: Bridging Audio and Language with Large Language Models}, 
      author={{MERaLiON Team}},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2412.09818},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.09818}, 
}

@article{wang2024audiobench,
    title={AudioBench: A Universal Benchmark for Audio Large Language Models},
    author={Wang, Bin and Zou, Xunlong and Lin, Geyu and Sun, Shuo and Liu, Zhuohan and Zhang, Wenyu and Liu, Zhengyuan and Aw, AiTi and Chen, Nancy F},
    journal={NAACL},
    year={2025}
    }

@article{wang2025advancing,
    title={Advancing Singlish Understanding: Bridging the Gap with Datasets and Multimodal Models},
    author={Wang, Bin and Zou, Xunlong and Sun, Shuo and Zhang, Wenyu and He, Yingxu and Liu, Zhuohan and Wei, Chengwei and Chen, Nancy F and Aw, AiTi},
    journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.01034},
    year={2025}
    }

@article{zhang2024mowe,
    title={MoWE-Audio: Multitask AudioLLMs with Mixture of Weak Encoders},
    author={Zhang, Wenyu and Sun, Shuo and Wang, Bin and Zou, Xunlong and Liu, Zhuohan and He, Yingxu and Lin, Geyu and Chen, Nancy F and Aw, Ai Ti},
    journal={ICASSP},
    year={2025}
    }

@misc{huang2025meraliontextllmcrosslingualunderstandinglarge,
      title={MERaLiON-TextLLM: Cross-Lingual Understanding of Large Language Models in Chinese, Indonesian, Malay, and Singlish}, 
      author={Xin Huang and Tarun Kumar Vangani and Minh Duc Pham and Xunlong Zou and Bin Wang and Zhengyuan Liu and Ai Ti Aw},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2501.08335},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.08335}, 
}