alakxender / e5-dhivehi-paws-cos

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Model's Last Updated: July 22 2025
sentence-similarity

Introduction of e5-dhivehi-paws-cos

Model Details of e5-dhivehi-paws-cos

SentenceTransformer

This is a sentence-transformers model trained. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details
Model Description
  • Model Type: Sentence Transformer
  • Maximum Sequence Length: 256 tokens
  • Output Dimensionality: 768 dimensions
  • Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity
Fine-tuned Models

This model is part of a progressive series of sentence embedding models based on intfloat/multilingual-e5-base , fine-tuned specifically for Dhivehi language understanding.

Each stage leverages a targeted dataset to specialize the model for semantic similarity, question answering, and summarization tasks — improving performance for real-world Dhivehi NLP applications.

Stage Task Model Dataset Objective
0 Base Multilingual Base intfloat/multilingual-e5-base —
1 Paraphrase Identification (MNR) alakxender/e5-dhivehi-paws-mnr alakxender/dhivehi-paws-labeled > label=1 Only MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
2 Paraphrase Identification (Cosine) alakxender/e5-dhivehi-paws-cos alakxender/dhivehi-paws-labeled CosineSimilarityLoss
3 Question → Passage Matching alakxender/e5-dhivehi-qa-mnr alakxender/dhivehi-qa-dataset MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
4 News Title → Content alakxender/e5-dhivehi-articles-mnr alakxender/dhivehi-news-corpus MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
5 Summary → Content alakxender/e5-dhivehi-summaries-mnr alakxender/dv-en-parallel-corpus-clean , alakxender/dv-summary-translation-corpus MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

Each model builds upon the previous checkpoint, incrementally enhancing the semantic capabilities of the model for Dhivehi. The goal is to support high-quality sentence embeddings for a wide range of Dhivehi information retrieval and understanding tasks.

Model Sources
Full Model Architecture
SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 256, 'do_lower_case': False, 'architecture': 'XLMRobertaModel'})
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)
Usage
Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("alakxender/e5-dhivehi-cos")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'query: އެފްރިކަން އެމެރިކާގެ ރޯޑިއޯ ޕާފޯމަރެއް ކަމަށްވާ ބިލް ޕިކެޓް ވެސް ވަނީ ހަމަ އެ ބެލުންތެރިންނަށް ހުޅަނގުގެ ކުރީގެ ފިލްމުތަކުން ފެނިގެން ގޮސްފައެވެ .',
    'query: އެފްރިކަން އެމެރިކާގެ ރޯޑިއޯއެއް ކަމަށްވާ ބިލް ބިލް ޕިކެޓް ވެސް ހުޅަނގުގެ ކުރީގެ ފިލްމުތަކުން ފެނިގެން ގޮސްފައިވަނީ ހަމަ އެ ބެލުންތެރިންނަށް ކަމަށް ވެއެވެ .',
    'query: ވޯކްސް ޕްރޮގްރެސް އެޑްމިނިސްޓްރޭޝަންގެ ފެޑެރަލް ތިއޭޓަރ ޕްރޮޖެކްޓުން ވަޒީފާއެއް ނެތް ތިއޭޓަރ ޕާފޯމަރުންނާއި މުވައްޒަފުން މަސައްކަތް ކުރަން ކަނޑައެޅީ 1936 ވަނަ އަހަރު އެވެ .',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities)
# tensor([[1.0000, 0.5215, 0.1699],
#         [0.5215, 1.0000, 0.0967],
#         [0.1699, 0.0967, 1.0000]])
Evaluation
Metrics
Semantic Similarity
Metric Value
pearson_cosine 0.4406
spearman_cosine 0.4419
Training Details
Training Dataset
  • Size: 57,401 training samples
  • Columns: sentence_0 , sentence_1 , and label
  • Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
    sentence_0 sentence_1 label
    type string string float
    details
    • min: 17 tokens
    • mean: 42.83 tokens
    • max: 104 tokens
    • min: 17 tokens
    • mean: 42.77 tokens
    • max: 89 tokens
    • min: 0.0
    • mean: 0.45
    • max: 1.0
  • Samples:
    sentence_0 sentence_1 label
    query: އެ ކުންފުނީގެ ހޯލްޑިން ކުންފުނި ގިނިސް ވޯލްޑް ރެކޯޑްސް ލިމިޓެޑަކީ 2001 ވަނަ އަހަރާ ހަމައަށް ގިނިސް ޕީއެލްސީ އާއި އޭގެ ފަހުން ޑައިޖިއޯގެ ކުންފުންޏެކެވެ . query: އެ ކުންފުނީގެ ހޯލްޑިން ކުންފުނި ގިނިސް ވޯލްޑް ރެކޯޑްސް ލިމިޓެޑަކީ 2001 ވަނަ އަހަރާ ހަމައަށް ޑައިޖިއޯގެ ކުންފުންޏެއް ކަމަށްވާ ފަހުން ގިނިސް ޕީއެލްސީ އެވެ . 0.0
    query: ރަޝިޔާގެ ސެއިންޓް ޕީޓަރސްބަރގްގެ އަސްކަރީ ސްކޫލުން ޑިގްރީ ހާސިލް ކުރެއްވި އިރު 1910 ވަނަ އަހަރު ނިކޮލައެވްސްކްގެ މިލިޓަރީ އެކަޑަމީ ސޯފިއާ ޖެނެރަލް ސްޓާފް އިން ޑިގްރީ ހާސިލް ކުރެއްވިއެވެ . query: ސޯފިއާގެ މިލިޓަރީ ސްކޫލުން ޑިގްރީ ހާސިލް ކުރެއްވި އިރު , 1910 ވަނަ އަހަރު ރަޝިޔާގެ ސެއިންޓް ޕީޓަރސްބާގްގައި ހުންނަ ނިކޮލައެވްސްކް ޖެނެރަލް ސްޓާފް މިލިޓަރީ އެކަޑަމީން ޑިގްރީ ހާސިލް ކުރެއްވިއެވެ . 0.0
    query: އަސްޓަރަވާސް އިން އުފައްދާ އެންމެ ރަނގަޅު ވައްތަރުގެ ސިލްކް އެކްސްޕޯޓް ކުރަނީ ދިމިޝްގު އާއި ބުރްސާ އާއި ކާޝަން އަދި ވެނިސް އަށެވެ . query: އަސްޓަރަވާސް އިން އުފައްދާ އެންމެ ރަނގަޅު ސިލްކް އެކްސްޕޯޓް ކުރަނީ ވެނިސް އާއި ބުރްސާ އާއި ކާޝަން އަދި ދިމިޝްގު އަށެވެ . 1.0
  • Loss: CosineSimilarityLoss with these parameters:
    {
        "loss_fct": "torch.nn.modules.loss.MSELoss"
    }
    
Training Hyperparameters
Non-Default Hyperparameters
  • eval_strategy : steps
  • per_device_train_batch_size : 32
  • per_device_eval_batch_size : 32
  • multi_dataset_batch_sampler : round_robin
All Hyperparameters
Click to expand
  • overwrite_output_dir : False
  • do_predict : False
  • eval_strategy : steps
  • prediction_loss_only : True
  • per_device_train_batch_size : 32
  • per_device_eval_batch_size : 32
  • per_gpu_train_batch_size : None
  • per_gpu_eval_batch_size : None
  • gradient_accumulation_steps : 1
  • eval_accumulation_steps : None
  • torch_empty_cache_steps : None
  • learning_rate : 5e-05
  • weight_decay : 0.0
  • adam_beta1 : 0.9
  • adam_beta2 : 0.999
  • adam_epsilon : 1e-08
  • max_grad_norm : 1
  • num_train_epochs : 3
  • max_steps : -1
  • lr_scheduler_type : linear
  • lr_scheduler_kwargs : {}
  • warmup_ratio : 0.0
  • warmup_steps : 0
  • log_level : passive
  • log_level_replica : warning
  • log_on_each_node : True
  • logging_nan_inf_filter : True
  • save_safetensors : True
  • save_on_each_node : False
  • save_only_model : False
  • restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint : False
  • no_cuda : False
  • use_cpu : False
  • use_mps_device : False
  • seed : 42
  • data_seed : None
  • jit_mode_eval : False
  • use_ipex : False
  • bf16 : False
  • fp16 : False
  • fp16_opt_level : O1
  • half_precision_backend : auto
  • bf16_full_eval : False
  • fp16_full_eval : False
  • tf32 : None
  • local_rank : 0
  • ddp_backend : None
  • tpu_num_cores : None
  • tpu_metrics_debug : False
  • debug : []
  • dataloader_drop_last : False
  • dataloader_num_workers : 0
  • dataloader_prefetch_factor : None
  • past_index : -1
  • disable_tqdm : False
  • remove_unused_columns : True
  • label_names : None
  • load_best_model_at_end : False
  • ignore_data_skip : False
  • fsdp : []
  • fsdp_min_num_params : 0
  • fsdp_config : {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
  • fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap : None
  • accelerator_config : {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
  • deepspeed : None
  • label_smoothing_factor : 0.0
  • optim : adamw_torch
  • optim_args : None
  • adafactor : False
  • group_by_length : False
  • length_column_name : length
  • ddp_find_unused_parameters : None
  • ddp_bucket_cap_mb : None
  • ddp_broadcast_buffers : False
  • dataloader_pin_memory : True
  • dataloader_persistent_workers : False
  • skip_memory_metrics : True
  • use_legacy_prediction_loop : False
  • push_to_hub : False
  • resume_from_checkpoint : None
  • hub_model_id : None
  • hub_strategy : every_save
  • hub_private_repo : None
  • hub_always_push : False
  • gradient_checkpointing : False
  • gradient_checkpointing_kwargs : None
  • include_inputs_for_metrics : False
  • include_for_metrics : []
  • eval_do_concat_batches : True
  • fp16_backend : auto
  • push_to_hub_model_id : None
  • push_to_hub_organization : None
  • mp_parameters :
  • auto_find_batch_size : False
  • full_determinism : False
  • torchdynamo : None
  • ray_scope : last
  • ddp_timeout : 1800
  • torch_compile : False
  • torch_compile_backend : None
  • torch_compile_mode : None
  • include_tokens_per_second : False
  • include_num_input_tokens_seen : False
  • neftune_noise_alpha : None
  • optim_target_modules : None
  • batch_eval_metrics : False
  • eval_on_start : False
  • use_liger_kernel : False
  • eval_use_gather_object : False
  • average_tokens_across_devices : False
  • prompts : None
  • batch_sampler : batch_sampler
  • multi_dataset_batch_sampler : round_robin
  • router_mapping : {}
  • learning_rate_mapping : {}
Training Logs
Epoch Step Training Loss dhivehi-paws_spearman_cosine
0.2787 500 0.2388 0.3198
0.5574 1000 0.2302 0.3542
0.8361 1500 0.2229 0.3319
1.0 1794 - 0.3606
1.1148 2000 0.2245 0.3410
1.3935 2500 0.2228 0.3791
1.6722 3000 0.2148 0.3988
1.9509 3500 0.2142 0.3940
2.0 3588 - 0.4003
2.2297 4000 0.211 0.4205
2.5084 4500 0.208 0.4419
Framework Versions
  • Python: 3.9.21
  • Sentence Transformers: 5.0.0
  • Transformers: 4.52.4
  • PyTorch: 2.5.1+cu124
  • Accelerate: 1.3.0
  • Datasets: 3.2.0
  • Tokenizers: 0.21.0
Citation
BibTeX
Sentence Transformers
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

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Updated:August 16 2024