## Introduction
Rodimus* is a new series of efficient large language models designed to address the challenges of computational complexity in Transformer-based architectures. The Rodimus* includes the base Rodimus model and its enhanced version, Rodimus+. Rodimus leverages a novel Data-Dependent Tempered Selection (DDTS) mechanism within a purely recurrent, linear attention-based framework, achieving high performance.
Building on this, Rodimus+ combines the strengths of Rodimus and the innovative Sliding Window Shared-Key Attention (SW-SKA) in a hybrid approach. This combination effectively integrates semantic, token, and head compression techniques, enabling a balance between accuracy and efficiency.
Beyond academic validation, we train and open-source the lightweight Rodimus+-Coder code LLM, based on the Rodimus architecture. It comes in sizes of 1.6B and 4B, and achieves outstanding results that surpass state-of-the-art (SOTA) models of the same size.
You can download the following table to see the various parameters for your use case. If you are located in mainland China, we also provide the model on modelscope.cn to speed up the download process.
We re-evaluate the metrics of the Qwen series models, and the metrics of other series models are quoted from the original paper. For detailed evaluation code, please refer to the evaluation method of Ling-Coder-Lite in
CodeFuse-Evaluation
.
Rodimus+-Coder-Base
Datasets
Qwen2.5-Coder-1.5B
Rodimus+-Coder-1.6B-Base
Gemma2-2B-PT
Qwen2.5-Coder-3B
Rodimus+-Coder-4B-Base
Gemma3-4B-PT
Qwen2.5-Coder-7B
Coding Tasks
HumanEval
41.5
51.2
19.5
51.8
60.4
36.0
60.4
HumanEval+
34.8
45.1
-
40.9
52.4
-
50.6
MBPP
57.2
51.2
31.0
62.6
64.6
46.0
70.0
MBPP+
66.1
62.2
-
65.9
71.4
-
70.1
BCB
COMPLETION
21.6
17.9
-
26.2
30.8
-
30.4
MultiPL-E
46.1
52.5
-
49.4
60.7
-
56.9
CRUXEval
38.5
45.1
-
44.6
56.4
-
56.8
Coding Avg.
43.7
46.5
-
48.8
56.7
-
56.4
General Tasks
C-EVAL
55.2
56.7
-
65.3
70.2
-
69.1
CMMLU
54.5
52.3
-
65.4
68.3
-
72.7
MMLU
55.5
51.1
52.2
63.3
62.6
59.6
70.5
BBH
21.8
46.8
42.4
32.5
61.9
50.9
67.3
General Avg.
46.8
51.7
-
56.6
65.8
-
69.9
Mathematics Tasks
GSM8K
60.4
68.7
25.0
72.1
78.5
38.4
83.4
MATH
23.7
29.0
16.4
31.9
37.0
24.2
42.2
Math Avg.
41.9
48.9
20.7
52.0
57.8
31.3
62.8
Overall
Overall
44.4
48.4
-
51.7
59.6
-
61.6
### Rodimus+-Coder-Chat
Datasets
Qwen2.5-Coder-1.5B-Instruct
Rodimus+-Coder-1.6B-Chat
Gemma2-2B-IT
Qwen2.5-Coder-Instruct
Phi-4-Mini-3.8B
Rodimus+-Coder-4B-Chat
Gemma3-4B-IT
Qwen2.5-Coder-7B-Instruct
Coding Tasks
HumanEval
64.6
76.8
20.1
79.9
74.4
86.6
71.3
87.2
HumanEval+
63.4
73.8
-
80.5
68.3
82.9
-
82.3
MBPP
51.0
59.0
36.6
59.2
65.3
68.0
63.2
75.8
MBPP+
53.0
66.4
-
61.9
63.8
68.5
-
75.1
LCB
(24.08-24.11)
4.0
10.9
-
13.0
-
13.9
-
22.8
BCB
INSTRUCT
10.8
21.5
-
21.7
33.8
26.6
-
30.6
HumanEval-Mul
50.8
57.3
-
67.4
-
70.6
-
76.1
MBPP-Mul
43.4
52.4
-
53.4
-
59.6
-
61.4
MBXP-EN
55.8
75.5
-
76.0
-
87.3
-
87.7
MBXP-CN
48.8
75.0
-
68.7
-
84.3
-
83.5
CRUXEval
28.6
55.0
-
51.6
-
63.2
-
69.3
HumanEvalFix
38.9
52.6
-
55.5
-
68.8
-
69.3
Spider
61.2
71.4
-
71.8
42.2
73.5
-
82.0
Coding Avg.
44.2
57.5
-
58.5
-
65.7
-
69.5
General Tasks
C-EVAL
51.5
50.8
-
62.0
-
61.6
-
66.4
CMMLU
45.2
50.5
-
60.1
-
62.0
-
64.9
MMLU
52.0
49.3
56.1
61.7
67.3
57.5
58.1
66.1
BBH
24.2
58.7
41.4
57.3
70.4
63.7
72.2
59.1
General Avg.
43.2
52.3
-
60.3
-
61.2
-
64.1
Mathematics Tasks
GSM8K
54.4
68.5
62.6
73.5
88.6
79.2
89.2
79.5
MATH
38.1
33.5
27.2
44.1
64.0
44.1
75.6
60.8
Math Avg.
46.2
51.0
44.9
58.8
68.8
61.7
82.4
70.1
Overall
Overall
44.2
55.8
-
58.9
-
64.3
-
68.4
Usage
Installation
The latest version of
transformers
is recommended (at least 4.42.0).
We evaluate our models with
python=3.8
and
torch==2.1.2
.
import os
import torch
from modeling_rodimus import RodimusForCausalLM
from tokenization_rodimus_fast import RodimusTokenizer
# load model
ckpt_dir = "model_path"
tokenizer = RodimusTokenizer.from_pretrained(ckpt_dir)
model = RodimusForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
ckpt_dir,
torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
device_map="cuda"
).eval()
# inference
input_prompt = "Write a quick sort algorithm in python."
messages = [
{"role": "HUMAN", "content": input_prompt}
]
text = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
messages,
tokenize=False,
)
model_inputs = tokenizer(text, return_tensors="pt").to(model.device)
outputs = model.generate(**model_inputs, max_new_tokens=2048)
response = tokenizer.batch_decode(outputs, skip_special_tokens=True)[0]
print(response)
Citation
If you find our work helpful, feel free to give us a cite.
@inproceedings{
he2025rodimus,
title={Rodimus*: Breaking the Accuracy-Efficiency Trade-Off with Efficient Attentions},
author={Zhihao He and Hang Yu and Zi Gong and Shizhan Liu and Jianguo Li and Weiyao Lin},
booktitle={The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations},
year={2025},
url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=IIVYiJ1ggK}
}
Runs of codefuse-ai Rodimus-Plus-Coder-4B-Chat on huggingface.co
6
Total runs
0
24-hour runs
0
3-day runs
1
7-day runs
0
30-day runs
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