DISCLAIMER - I don't own the weights of
ernie-m-base
neither did I train the model. I only converted the model weights from paddle to pytorch(using the scripts listed in files).
The rest of the README is copied from the same page listed above,
PaddlePaddle/ernie-m-base
Ernie-M
ERNIE-M, proposed by Baidu, is a new training method that encourages the model to align the representation of multiple languages with monolingual corpora,
to overcome the constraint that the parallel corpus size places on the model performance. The insight is to integrate back-translation into the pre-training
process by generating pseudo-parallel sentence pairs on a monolingual corpus to enable the learning of semantic alignments between different languages,
thereby enhancing the semantic modeling of cross-lingual models. Experimental results show that ERNIE-M outperforms existing cross-lingual models and
delivers new state-of-the-art results in various cross-lingual downstream tasks.
We proposed two novel methods to align the representation of multiple languages:
Cross-Attention Masked Language Modeling(CAMLM): In CAMLM, we learn the multilingual semantic representation by restoring the MASK tokens in the input sentences.
Back-Translation masked language modeling(BTMLM): We use BTMLM to train our model to generate pseudo-parallel sentences from the monolingual sentences. The generated pairs are then used as the input of the model to further align the cross-lingual semantics, thus enhancing the multilingual representation.
Benchmark
XNLI
XNLI is a subset of MNLI and has been translated into 14 different kinds of languages including some low-resource languages. The goal of the task is to predict testual entailment (whether sentence A implies / contradicts / neither sentence B).
Model
en
fr
es
de
el
bg
ru
tr
ar
vi
th
zh
hi
sw
ur
Avg
Cross-lingual Transfer
XLM
85.0
78.7
78.9
77.8
76.6
77.4
75.3
72.5
73.1
76.1
73.2
76.5
69.6
68.4
67.3
75.1
Unicoder
85.1
79.0
79.4
77.8
77.2
77.2
76.3
72.8
73.5
76.4
73.6
76.2
69.4
69.7
66.7
75.4
XLM-R
85.8
79.7
80.7
78.7
77.5
79.6
78.1
74.2
73.8
76.5
74.6
76.7
72.4
66.5
68.3
76.2
INFOXLM
86.4
80.6
80.8
78.9
77.8
78.9
77.6
75.6
74.0
77.0
73.7
76.7
72.0
66.4
67.1
76.2
ERNIE-M
85.5
80.1
81.2
79.2
79.1
80.4
78.1
76.8
76.3
78.3
75.8
77.4
72.9
69.5
68.8
77.3
XLM-R Large
89.1
84.1
85.1
83.9
82.9
84.0
81.2
79.6
79.8
80.8
78.1
80.2
76.9
73.9
73.8
80.9
INFOXLM Large
89.7
84.5
85.5
84.1
83.4
84.2
81.3
80.9
80.4
80.8
78.9
80.9
77.9
74.8
73.7
81.4
VECO Large
88.2
79.2
83.1
82.9
81.2
84.2
82.8
76.2
80.3
74.3
77.0
78.4
71.3
80.4
79.1
79.9
ERNIR-M Large
89.3
85.1
85.7
84.4
83.7
84.5
82.0
81.2
81.2
81.9
79.2
81.0
78.6
76.2
75.4
82.0
Translate-Train-All
XLM
85.0
80.8
81.3
80.3
79.1
80.9
78.3
75.6
77.6
78.5
76.0
79.5
72.9
72.8
68.5
77.8
Unicoder
85.6
81.1
82.3
80.9
79.5
81.4
79.7
76.8
78.2
77.9
77.1
80.5
73.4
73.8
69.6
78.5
XLM-R
85.4
81.4
82.2
80.3
80.4
81.3
79.7
78.6
77.3
79.7
77.9
80.2
76.1
73.1
73.0
79.1
INFOXLM
86.1
82.0
82.8
81.8
80.9
82.0
80.2
79.0
78.8
80.5
78.3
80.5
77.4
73.0
71.6
79.7
ERNIE-M
86.2
82.5
83.8
82.6
82.4
83.4
80.2
80.6
80.5
81.1
79.2
80.5
77.7
75.0
73.3
80.6
XLM-R Large
89.1
85.1
86.6
85.7
85.3
85.9
83.5
83.2
83.1
83.7
81.5
83.7
81.6
78.0
78.1
83.6
VECO Large
88.9
82.4
86.0
84.7
85.3
86.2
85.8
80.1
83.0
77.2
80.9
82.8
75.3
83.1
83.0
83.0
ERNIE-M Large
89.5
86.5
86.9
86.1
86.0
86.8
84.1
83.8
84.1
84.5
82.1
83.5
81.1
79.4
77.9
84.2
Cross-lingual Named Entity Recognition
datasets:CoNLI
Model
en
nl
es
de
Avg
Fine-tune on English dataset
mBERT
91.97
77.57
74.96
69.56
78.52
XLM-R
92.25
78.08
76.53
69.60
79.11
ERNIE-M
92.78
78.01
79.37
68.08
79.56
XLM-R LARGE
92.92
80.80
78.64
71.40
80.94
ERNIE-M LARGE
93.28
81.45
78.83
72.99
81.64
Fine-tune on all dataset
XLM-R
91.08
89.09
87.28
83.17
87.66
ERNIE-M
93.04
91.73
88.33
84.20
89.32
XLM-R LARGE
92.00
91.60
89.52
84.60
89.43
ERNIE-M LARGE
94.01
93.81
89.23
86.20
90.81
Cross-lingual Question Answering
datasets:MLQA
Model
en
es
de
ar
hi
vi
zh
Avg
mBERT
77.7 / 65.2
64.3 / 46.6
57.9 / 44.3
45.7 / 29.8
43.8 / 29.7
57.1 / 38.6
57.5 / 37.3
57.7 / 41.6
XLM
74.9 / 62.4
68.0 / 49.8
62.2 / 47.6
54.8 / 36.3
48.8 / 27.3
61.4 / 41.8
61.1 / 39.6
61.6 / 43.5
XLM-R
77.1 / 64.6
67.4 / 49.6
60.9 / 46.7
54.9 / 36.6
59.4 / 42.9
64.5 / 44.7
61.8 / 39.3
63.7 / 46.3
INFOXLM
81.3 / 68.2
69.9 / 51.9
64.2 / 49.6
60.1 / 40.9
65.0 / 47.5
70.0 / 48.6
64.7 /
41.2
67.9 / 49.7
ERNIE-M
81.6 / 68.5
70.9 / 52.6
65.8 / 50.7
61.8 / 41.9
65.4 / 47.5
70.0 / 49.2
65.6
/ 41.0
68.7 / 50.2
XLM-R LARGE
80.6 / 67.8
74.1 / 56.0
68.5 / 53.6
63.1 / 43.5
62.9 / 51.6
71.3 / 50.9
68.0 / 45.4
70.7 / 52.7
INFOXLM LARGE
84.5 / 71.6
75.1 / 57.3
71.2 / 56.2
67.6 / 47.6
72.5 / 54.2
75.2 / 54.1
69.2 / 45.4
73.6 / 55.2
ERNIE-M LARGE
84.4 / 71.5
74.8 / 56.6
70.8 / 55.9
67.4 / 47.2
72.6 / 54.7
75.0 / 53.7
71.1 / 47.5
73.7 / 55.3
Cross-lingual Paraphrase Identification
datasets:PAWS-X
Model
en
de
es
fr
ja
ko
zh
Avg
Cross-lingual Transfer
mBERT
94.0
85.7
87.4
87.0
73.0
69.6
77.0
81.9
XLM
94.0
85.9
88.3
87.4
69.3
64.8
76.5
80.9
MMTE
93.1
85.1
87.2
86.9
72.0
69.2
75.9
81.3
XLM-R LARGE
94.7
89.7
90.1
90.4
78.7
79.0
82.3
86.4
VECO LARGE
96.2
91.3
91.4
92.0
81.8
82.9
85.1
88.7
ERNIE-M LARGE
96.0
91.9
91.4
92.2
83.9
84.5
86.9
89.5
Translate-Train-All
VECO LARGE
96.4
93.0
93.0
93.5
87.2
86.8
87.9
91.1
ERNIE-M LARGE
96.5
93.5
93.3
93.8
87.9
88.4
89.2
91.8
Cross-lingual Sentence Retrieval
dataset:Tatoeba
Model
Avg
XLM-R LARGE
75.2
VECO LARGE
86.9
ERNIE-M LARGE
87.9
ERNIE-M LARGE( after fine-tuning)
93.3
Citation Info
@article{Ouyang2021ERNIEMEM,
title={ERNIE-M: Enhanced Multilingual Representation by Aligning Cross-lingual Semantics with Monolingual Corpora},
author={Xuan Ouyang and Shuohuan Wang and Chao Pang and Yu Sun and Hao Tian and Hua Wu and Haifeng Wang},
journal={ArXiv},
year={2021},
volume={abs/2012.15674}
}
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